Higher Education in Contemporary Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advanced education in Contemporary Society - Essay Example With an ever increasing number of organizations going to abroad work, the activity advertise in America is languishing. We need an open that is instructed and fit for contributing huge monetary aptitudes to the advancement of our frameworks and foundations. More rivalry in some random market implies that possibility for positions should be educated and fit for inventiveness. As globalization spreads, employments are requesting beyond what essential training can offer; a key factor in getting a well paying profession way is acquiring some type of advanced education. Workers and candidates should be in front of the occasions, prepared to cooperate with individuals of various dialects and customs in a business way and accomplish fruitful connections. Enterprising commitment is additionally critical to a general public, it takes into account new markets to open up and in the end new openings to happen. Advanced education is fundamental to the achievement of any enterprising business part icularly in the present quickly developing commercial center. Another explanation that advanced education is so significant today is the straightforward truth that without an informed open, majority rules system can't flourish. Put stock in or not those extravagant schools and instruction organizations were established in support of us as residents of a free nation. They may object and groan about notoriety and status; yet when you get down to it they are here to permit us the quest for information. An interest that isn't just a human right yet in addition a urban obligation; The schools of a nation are its future in scaled down. Tehyi Hsieh, a Chinese logician said that and has demonstrated to be valid. From the old Maya and Egyptians to the Greeks and Romans each exceptionally incredible and achieved society has had very much evolved training framework. As financing for essential state funded training diminishes and its achievements appear to be less significant with consistently, advanced education might be our solitary alternative to seek a fter information inside an institutional setting. Aristotle stated, To learn is a characteristic delight, not restricted to logicians yet normal to all men (Samovar, Porter, McDaniel, 2007 pg. 267). Let us maintain this thought and comprise ourselves of knowledgeable, versatile and ingenious individuals. One little advance for man, one goliath jump for humanity Neil Armstrong's axiom as he ventured onto the outside of the moon drives home my next point. Advanced education is significant in contemporary society since it is significant for our nation to push innovative and logical limits. In one year we made it from simply breaking liberated from our earths climate to arriving on the moon and returning effectively as the clench hand nation to achieve the assignment. America could never have been qualified for this situation without advanced education. With infections like Aids and Cancer becoming out of the control; a dangerous atmospheric devation taking steps to change life on earth always and populaces ascending into the billions it is significant like never before for us to explore different avenues regarding new thoughts. We have to endeavor to right a portion of the ecological wrongs we have done our planet; we have to discover elective fuel sources and inquire as to why our glob e is warming up. The inquiries of why, where,

Computer Assisted Language Learning

Presentation Computers can be enormously valuable devices for English language guidance. They process information rapidly and incorporate voice, music, recordings, pictures and content into exercises. They can be customized to tailor guidance and test for every individual student. They can even used to cause understudies to feel increasingly good and ready to face challenges, in view of their â€Å"untiring, unjudgmental nature† (Butler-Pascoe 1997:20). While there are numerous potential advantages to be gotten from these â€Å"machines†, the issue currently isn't whether however how PCs ought to be utilized for language guidance. Despite the conjectured detriments of utilizing PCs for language guidance, advance by some individual or gatherings, PCs and CALL materials are as of now being utilized for English language guidance and will keep on being utilized. It very well may be utilized as an advanced methodology towards language instructing and learning in which the PC is used as a guide to the introduction, and as fortification and appraisal of material to be learned by ordinarily including generous intuitive materials. Throughout the years with the rise of the World Wide Web or the Internet, CALL enlarged its degree. It has gotten open, intelligent and explorative with the end goal that sound and video activities or exercises can without much of a stretch be coordinated. The job of language educating has developed as years have passed by. As watched, intelligence in learning becomes â€Å"a vital and principal component for information securing and the improvement of both subjective and physical skills† (Barker, 1994:1). Today, PC innovation can help advocate the informative way to deal with learning since it, as well, is worried about the association between the instructor and the student, and the students’ adapting necessities and learning styles. Because of the noteworthy changes in second language educating and learning (e. g. the job of the educator, the job of the student, the job of sight and sound, and the manner in which the learning procedure is led in the study hall settings), communication has become an undeniably significant and pertinent territory of study in the field of second language securing since it ponders what goes in realizing and instructing forms. Correspondence is characteristic for progress, viable instructional practice just as individual revelation. The execution of intelligence can be seen as a craftsmanship (Sims 1997) in light of the fact that it requires an exhaustive scope of abilities, including a comprehension of the student, an energy about programming application capacities, the significance of thorough instructional plan and the utilization of proper learning materials. The estimation of the sight and sound and the Internet in the improvement of connection for language learning can not be ignored. Warschauer, M. , and Healy, D. 1998) expressed that the sort of programming and the assignment instructors set for the understudies largy affect the sort and nature of understudies association with one another when working two by two or little gatherings. With the proceeding with improvement of mechanical advances in the regions of correspondence and interactive media, the test for English (unknown dialect) homerooms goes a long ways past current information about the viable utilization of innovation. The CALL is an achieveme nt most definitely. Also, in view of that acknowledgment, this examination, â€Å"Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL): Interactive Teaching in English Using Different Websites in San Pablo Elementary School is introduced. Articulation of the Problem The general goal of this investigation is to help improve the English ability and competency of the understudies in Grade I of San Pablo Elementary School making it intuitive and open utilizing the Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) materials granted using Different English Websites. In particular, it attempted to address the accompanying inquiries: 1. In what capacity will the CALL innovation give intelligent English understanding, jargon, and composing works out? 2. In what manner will the CALL make cooperation among the understudy and educator? 3. By what means will the exercises be made intelligent and open? 4. Will this methodology be discovered acceptable through test outcome? Also, 5. Will this methodology be discovered agreeable by its clients? Essentialness of the Study English learning has become the most significant errand for understudies. At youthful age guardians send their youngsters to private preparing or classes to upgrade their English learning and to give their kids a solid establishment in English. In any case, there are still a few issues and issues for understudies in language learning. Most understudies despite everything couldn't have viable correspondence following quite a while of English language learning. A few understudies experience issues in their appearance in an English introduction, in spite of the fact that they have higher scores in English tests. PC has been considered as a significant learning apparatus in the cutting edge second language learning. PC Assisted Language Learning (CALL) has given astounding chances to improving second language learning, for example, it can persuade students’ fascinating or improve learners’ shifted phonetic abilities (AbuSeileek 2007). These days, San Pablo Elementary has 6 PCs (2 are initially school property, 4 are close to home property of the instructors) put in a research facility room outfitted with new equipment and programming however it’s not completely investigated and used in English language educating. The investigation is significant because of the accompanying reasons: 1. To help improve the English capacity and competency of the understudies in Grade I of San Pablo Elementary School. 2. To assist understudies with figuring out how to decipher new data and encounters on their own terms. 3. With the utilization of CALL progressively modest understudies can feel free in their own understudies'- focused condition. This will raise their confidence and their insight will be improving. 4. Using diverse English Educational Websites understudies will perform shared undertaking where in they will put forth a valiant effort to perform it inside set time limits. 5. To make the class additionally fascinating and to increment students’ intrigue and inspiration. 6. To give information’s with respect to Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). Approach There are different concerns considered in this activity inquire about. There is no straightforward limited number of these worries, nor is there a basic polarity among subjective and quantitative methodologies. Undoubtedly, there is an off-refered to division in the second language securing (SLA) field between those scientists who favor subjective techniques and the individuals who lean toward quantitative ones. Research Design: This investigation is an activity look into. This investigation was led to take care of an issue or getting data so as to explain an everyday quick concern, for example, how to make sense of approaches to utilize innovation to improve the educating of punctuation in the study hall. To managed are the requirements and worries of the understudies. Information concerning the issue (both subjective and quantitative) were gathered and deciphered. Subjective the information gathered incorporate a pre-study and a post-review. Quantitative-a test (post-test) regulated. Research Procedure: The Profile of the students’ foundation, experience and future needs are acquired. The motivation behind the necessities examination was to see if they concur or differ on the utilization of the CALL innovation in language learning and to discover their recognition with the CALL materials and the Internet in showing the English language. Coming up next are stages directed in this investigation: Stage 1: Survey by Interview To help decide the age, sexual orientation, needs and experience of the understudies utilizing a PC, an organized meeting were arranged and directed. Stage 2: Utilization of the Different English Websites in the Classroom The essential crowd for the sites are the Grade I understudies of San Pablo Elementary school with a specific instructor, the crowd utilized overall ESL locales exist which are intended for a specific English language level. It is critical to consider a site’s reason, since significant examinations of assessments can be made among destinations with the equivalent or if nothing else comparative planned objectives, uses and crowds. In this examination English sites can be legitimately utilized by the Grade I understudies of San Pablo Elementary School. Stage 3: The Post Test To help decide the advancement of the understudies in San Pablo Elementary School in the wake of taking the exercise utilizing CALL materials. Stage 4: The Post Survey Administered and replied by the understudies after the â€Å"test-run†. Research Setting and Participants This activity investigate was directed at San Pablo Elementary situated at Block. 14 San Pablo, Tarlac City. The school is classified as a total, non-focal school, mono-grade having 2 areas each evaluation level. PC research center gave by the instructors in the school was utilized. This investigation utilized 35 understudies in Grade I segment Daisy. The segment is heterogeneous. The information gathered for this examination will originate from the perceptions and tests taken by the understudies. A top to bottom investigation of the gathered information was completed. Introduction AND ANALYSIS OF DATA A review meet has been created in participants’ home language to gather foundation data. In view of the pre-review meet, the scientist gathered this information. Table 1: Students Profile No. NameAgeGenderComputer at HomeWith/without Experience in PC 1Banag, Jonie D. 7MNoneWithout 2Bermudo, Mark Anthony D. C. 6M1With 3Boehn, Adrian M. 6M1With 4Butchayo, John Carlo G. 7MNoneWithout 5Fallorina, Jerry M. 8MNoneWithout 6Gaupo, Gerald7MNoneWithout 7Lacanlale, Christian G. 7MNoneWithout 8Luna, Alexander N. 6MNoneWithout 9Manalili, John Lloyd C. 6M1With 10Maninang, Emer6MNoneWithout 11Manlapas,Randy A. 6MNoneWithout 12Martinez, Clive Xavier M. 5MNoneWithout 1

6 Work-Life Balance Hacks for Professionals Going Back to School

6 Work-Life Balance Hacks for Professionals Going Back to School Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!6 Work-Life Balance Hacks for Professionals Going Back to SchoolUpdated On 14/06/2019Author : Ram kumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : https://hbb.me/2wTTPVb CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogMillions of full-time students are also full-time workers, according to a Georgetown University study reported in The Atlantic. Their numbers include younger students continuing on to university right after graduating from high school and older students returning to school after years in the workforce.If you’re part of the second cohort, your study skills may be more than a little rusty, and you’re almost certain to have more non-work obligations to balance against your academic workload. Here’s what you need to do to keep pace.1. Carve Out a Recurring Study Period Every DayResearch suggests that people tend to be most productive in the morning; evenings and overnights are compar atively unproductive. But you know your own work habits better than anyone, and you may not have the luxury of going full-bore at the books every morning if you’re working full-time anyway.More important than optimizing your study schedule for productivity is optimizing your personal schedule for, well, study. Getting in the habit of studying at a set time every day (or as close to that set time as possible) will do more for your output than anything else.2. Choose a School and Program With Flexible Hours and WorkloadsYou don’t have to go back to school full-time to earn a career-changing degree or certificate in short order. Choose higher education institutions that offer flexible degree programs and manageable workloads for busy professionals. If you’re pursuing a creative degree, for instance, a digital arts school like British Columbia’s Centre for Arts Technology is a far better choice than a school that forces you to commit to full-time student status.3. Cut Down Your Extracurriculars, For NowThat weekly volunteering session, fulfilling as it may be, might need to become a monthly volunteering session for the time being. You’ve got priorities, after all; work and school, for better or worse, come before any other obligations save family.READThe Requirements of Certified Translation for The UK4. Consolidate Your SocializationBy the same token, you’ll want to declutter your social calendar to the extent possible. Maybe that means bringing your six scheduled coffee dates per week down to two, or swapping out individual face-to-face sessions with group hangouts. Your friends might appreciate the efficiency, too; and you can always ramp up your socialization as you ease into your work-school routine.5. Talk to Peers Who’ve Been Through It AlreadyIf the prospect of juggling work and school with everything else going on in your life seems daunting, you’re not alone. This is going to be a tough transition, no matter how well-organized you are. B efore you make the leap, talk to peers (coworkers, friends, relatives) who’ve successfully navigated it already. Their advice may have more bearing on your personal situation than you realize.6. As a Last Resort, Trim Your Work Hours At some point, you may find these accommodations insufficient. If and when that happens, consider temporarily trimming your work hours or handing off peripheral responsibilities to others. Whether this is feasible will depend in part on how your role is structured and whether (if at all) your boss is willing to bend. But if it makes the difference between continued smooth sailing and an unwelcome inflection point, it needs to happen regardless.You Really Can Have It AllDon’t listen to the naysayers. You really can work full-time while getting an advanced degree or certification. You’ll just need to incorporate as many of these work-life balance hacks as possible to make it work.

Eva -Economic Value Added - 10189 Words

9-206-016 REV: JULY 11, 2006 MIHIR A. DESAI FABRIZIO FERRI Understanding Economic Value Added EVA is based on something we have known for a long time: what we generally call profits, the money left to service equity, is usually not profit at all. Until a business returns a profit that is greater than its cost of capital, it operates at a loss. Never mind that it pays taxes as if it had a genuine profit. The enterprise still returns less to the economy than it devours in resources . . . it does not create wealth; it destroys it.1 — Peter Drucker This note explores the concept of Economic Value Added (EVA)2 and its practical applications as a management control system for performance measurement and incentive compensation. The†¦show more content†¦In short, the firm has paid its operating and capital costs and created additional wealth. Negative EVA, instead, suggests that the firm â€Å"devours resources† (in Peter Drucker’s terms) without providing a commensurate return for their use. The key feature of EVA is that it incorporates a charge for the use of both debt and equity capital. Accounting earnings, on the contrary, only deduct the (after-tax) cost of debt capital (i.e., the interest expense subtracted in the computation of net income). This difference has important implications in terms of motivating managerial behavior. Firms focused on earnings growth will end up investing in any project yielding a return greater than the (after-tax) cost of debt, rather than investing only in projects with returns greater than the overall cost of capital—the basic rule of Net Present Value (NPV) analysis. By explicitly identifying and incorporating the cost of equity capital, EV A raises the bar and makes managers more cognizant of the costs of the capital employed, thereby promoting more efficient allocation of capital. Other available measures also reflect the use of capital. Return on net assets (RONA), for example, is an indication of the ability to generate operating profits relative to the amount of capital employed. However, a simple algebraic manipulation will help explain the advantage of EVA over RONA. EVA = NOPAT − (Cost of Capital * Capital ) EVA =Show MoreRelatedEconomic Value Added Model1584 Words   |  7 PagesSLOVENSKA USING OF THE ECONOMIC VALUE ADDED MODEL FOR VALUATION OF A COMPANY Doc. Ing. Eva Kislingerovà ¡, CSc. Prague University of Economics Introduction There is possibility to use, with respect to the object of valuation, several methods for valuation of a company in practice. One of the most important and highly used group of methods are yield methods. They are usually called Discounted Cash Flows (DCF) methods. Value of a company is derived from present value of future incomes connectedRead MoreWhat Languages Do You Speak? Essay911 Words   |  4 Pagesconversation I had this weekend where this question was asked in another matter and for different purpose. How do you communicate the value you bring to your client/business partner or put it in another context â€Å"What languages do you speak?† I learn an exceptionally noteworthy lesson both at General Electric and Siemens. In order to communicate how supply chain adds value to the enterprise one must communicate not only to one’s peers but notably to the C-Suite. Ignorance or arrogance aside, it is paramountRead MoreThe Product Of Apple Inc.1550 Words   |  7 PagesMarket Value Added – (MVA) A calculation that shows how much the shareholders value has been added within the company as its calculated by having the difference between the market value of the company and the capital contributed by the shareholders within the company. As it does have a great company role on showing how the company has used the investment capital since when the company started to the present, and that data can be used for future prediction of the company. 4. Economic Value Added- (EVA)Read MoreMeasuring and Controling Value Created in Endesa604 Words   |  3 Pagesbusiness strategy. In what primary economic activity is ENDESA engaged? (HINT: the primary economic activity is not the generation and sale of electricity or related activities). Why is it necessary to understand the strategy and primary economic activity in order to manage ENDESA ¡Ã‚ ¦s financial activities? Managers should ensure that selected performance measurement system fits the unique requirements and business strategy of the firm. In general, primary economic activity of the company and itsRead MoreWhat Language Do You Speak? Essay735 Words   |  3 Pagesto a conversation I had this weekend where this question was asked in another matter and for different purpose. How do you communicate the value you bring to your client or put it in another way â€Å"What language do you speak?† I’ve learn an exceptionally noteworthy lesson both at General Electric and Siemens. In order to communicate how supply chain adds value to the enterprise one must communicate not only to one’s peers but notably to the C-Suite. Ignorance or arrogance aside, it is paramount toRead MoreAccounting Profit vs. Economic Profit. the Necessity of a Management Performance System to Boost Organization’s Performance2285 Words   |  10 Pagesthat targets real value creation for shareholders. The objective of this paper is the analysis of two articles of Stern Steward Research, namely â€Å"Accounting is Broken. Here’s How to fix it. A Radical Manifiesto† and â€Å"The capitalism Manifesto. The Transformation of the Corporation - Employee Capitalism –â€Å". Both papers propose a roadmap to fix the conventional accounting shortness through the use of Value Based Management (VBM) as a real and effective management system of value creation and measurementRead MoreA Comparison of EVA and NPV3878 Words   |  16 PagesCOMPARISON OF EVA AND NPV A Comparison of EVA and NPV (discuss the differences and similarity of EVA and NPV; why would companies choose to adopt EVA, implementation issues; chronicle the implementation experience of EVA on a real life company). 1    A COMPARISON OF EVA AND NPV 2    A Comparison of EVA and NPV (discuss the differences and similarity of EVA and NPV; why would companies choose to adopt EVA, implementation issues; chronicle the implementation experience of EVA on a realRead MoreFedEx VALUE CREATION AND ECONOMIC PROFIT United Parcel Service3193 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿MEIHO UNIVERSITY CASE STUDY FOR FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT CASE 4: The Battle for Value, 2004: FedEx Corp. vs. United Parcel Service, Inc. VALUE CREATION AND ECONOMIC PROFIT Lecture: é  ¾ ç ´ ¹ 熙 è€  Ã¥ ¸ « Group 3: F49802134 èÆ' ¡ ç §â€¹ è â€° F49802153 é «Ëœ 玉 ä º « ç ® ® Presentation date: 16th Apr 2012 I. OUTLOOK OF CASE 4 Case 4 mentions about the competition between two leading companies in package- delivery market. FedEx which is the largest foreign presence in China, with 11 weekly flights, servingRead MoreLinkedin Case Essay4071 Words   |  17 Pagesprofitability. However, it is important to balance cost-controls with long-term growth. * The 5-year measurement cycle provides an adequate horizon for management decision-making and should motivate managers to take on projects that add long-term value to the firm. * Although the exact calculation of the performance factor was not described in detail, the plan appears to be fairly straightforward and easy to understand for both managers and stakeholders. Furthermore, the inputs of the performanceRead MoreA Report on a Case Study on Measuring Intangible Assets an Indian Experience2439 Words   |  10 Pagesasset (tangible or intangible) is indeed a commodity one can count on, literally, to improve the performance of the company and help generate profits. No company can own either of the critical assets, neither the employees nor the customers. The value they provide to the company is only temporary and cannot be considered a measurable asset unless it is captured and converted into something the company can own - any new knowledge or skill that can be reused or applied in other areas, be it a new

The Role Of Music And Spatial Task Performance - 1395 Words

The study that will be replicated is the study done by Nantais and Schellenberg (1999), which was a follow-up study for Rauscher’s experiment (1993, 1995), who’s aim was to conduct a study in which to test whether music and spatial task performance are casually related. The aim of Nantais and Schellenberg’s study was to replicate and extend the basic findings of Rauscher et al which were that participants who listened to Mozart before taking a spatial ability test did better than those who sat in silence, also known as the Mozart effect. Nantais and Schellenberg expected that the performance on a spatial-temporal task was better after participants listened to a piece composed by Mozart or by Schubert than after the participants sat in†¦show more content†¦As predicted, the overall levels of performance were higher in the participants’ preferred condition. This is also known as the participants’ preferred stimulus. The major modification mad e between this study and Rauscher’s study is that instead of having the participants listen to Mozart and then sit in silence, Nantais and Schellenberg had the participants listen to Mozart and then a short story. In relation to Rauscher et al. and Nantais Schellenberg, the researcher’s aim of this experiment is to investigate the impact of acoustic environmental stimuli on performance of visual spatial tasks. In order to test this, we will have participants first listen to a section of Mozart music followed by a spatial ability test and then we’ll have the participants listen to a short story also followed by a spatial ability test. The independent variable in this experiment are the Mozart and short story conditions. The dependent variable was the results of the spatial ability test for each condition. The independent variable for this experiment is the acoustic environmental stimuli. The acoustic environmental stimuli were the Mozart or the short story conditions. The Mozart piece used in this experiment was Mozart’s Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major K. 448. The short story used was â€Å"You Are Getting Sleepy† by Gleynn Washington. The type

The Motivation For Jerry And Christopher At A Ice Cream...

During my screenplay workshop, I received a lot of helpful suggestions on my overall motivation of my characters. In my revision process, I tried to focus more on the overall motive for my two main characters. For example, I added the motivation for Jerry and Christopher to open an ice cream parlor. This helped with my revision of plot and main conflict because the two characters did not have enough money for the down-payment on the open space. As a result, they decide to rob a bank in order to get the money for the payment. Another thing I tried to work on during my revision was the characterization of my two main characters. The two characters are, indeed, stupid. However, my goal was to make their appearance a little different and they way they spoke different. An example of my use of characterization is when Christopher speaks. For example, Christopher is very goofy like Jerry. However, he has a small sense of responsibility/wisdom. In the car, he is the one to have a notebook wi th all the information on the vacant space and bank. Moreover, he is the one that starts to become serious when he fights the hostage in the bank. Although both of the characters are stupid, Christopher s character is what keeps the guys going. Without Chris, Jerry would be clueless. We can see Jerry’s characterization through his actions. Jerry does not think anything through. For instance, in the bank, he brings in business cards with both their names on them. This is something stupidShow MoreRelatedWork And Adopt A Natural Energy Booster, The Common Nap Essay1607 Words   |  7 PagesThe founder of the company, Craig Yarde, laughed about the popularity of nap rooms in today’s day and age. He stated that he doesn’t regret his decision, after seeing firsthand what naps at work can do for productivity and morale. Ben Jerry s, an ice cream parlor chain, is also one of the earliest adopters of the workplace napping policy, they have had an office nap room for mo re than ten years. A Ben Jerry’s spokesperson spoke to BBC saying â€Å"the room itself is really part of the larger corporateRead MoreAccounting Information System Chapter 1137115 Words   |  549 Pagespromotions, more stock options, etc. Miller was able to convert the check to cash by writing himself checks and depositing them in his personal account. 3. What pressures motivated Miller to embezzle? How did Miller rationalize his actions? Motivation. After David Miller had undergone therapy, he believed his problem with compulsive embezzlement was an illness, just like alcoholism or compulsive gambling. He stated that the illness was driven by a subconscious need to be admired and likedRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pageslocated in the Pike Place Market, a major tourist attraction near the waterfront. It and three sister stores had opened around Seattle and offered a major contrast to the 50-cent cups of black liquid that were usually served with gobs of powdered cream and sugar in self-service convenience stores. These Starbucks stores offered rich, exotic coffee blends at six to eight times the price of ordinary coffee. By the time Starbucks went public, it had 165 stores, but they almost all were clustered around

Nature in Our Life free essay sample

Whartons  and  Jamess  dissections of hidden sexual and financial motivations at work in society link them with writers who seem superficially quite different:  Stephen Crane,  Jack London, Frank Norris,Theodore Dreiser, and Upton Sinclair. Like the cosmopolitan novelists, but much more explicitly, these naturalists used realism to relate the individual to society. Often they exposed social problems and were influenced by Darwinian thought and the related philosophical doctrine of determinism, which views individuals as the helpless pawns of economic and social forces beyond their control. Naturalism is essentially a literary expression of determinism. Associated with bleak, realistic depictions of lower-class life, determinism denies religion as a motivating force in the world and instead perceives the universe as a machine. Eighteenth-century Enlightenment thinkers had also imagined the world as a machine, but as a perfect one, invented by God and tending toward progress and human betterment. Naturalists imagined society, instead, as a blind machine, godless and out of control. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature in Our Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The 19th-century American historian Henry Adams constructed an elaborate theory of history involving the idea of the dynamo, or machine force, and entropy, or decay of force. Instead of progress, Adams sees inevitable decline in human society. Stephen Crane, the son of a clergyman, put the loss of God most succinctly: A man said to the universe: Sir, I exist! However, replied the universe, The fact has not created in me A sense of obligation. Like Romanticism, naturalism first appeared in Europe. It is usually traced to the works of Honor‚ de Balzac in the 1840s and seen as a French literary movement associated with Gustave Flaubert, Edmond and Jules Goncourt, Emile Zola, and Guy de Maupassant. It daringly opened up the seamy underside of society and such topics as divorce, sex, adultery, poverty, and crime. Naturalism flourished as Americans became urbanized and aware of the importance of large economic and social forces. By 1890, the frontier was declared officially closed. Most Americans resided in towns, and business dominated even remote farmsteads.